Marx s Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay - 1933 Words

Karl Marx, lived between 1818 and 1883, was a humanist, materialist, and a philosopher, not an economist, contrary to popular belief. â€Å"[†¦] a man engaged in endless internecine political and philosophical warfare† (Menand, 2016, pg. 2). He is the author to the popular text, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† (1848), where Marx defined communism, discussed how industrial capitalism is evil, alienation versus objectification, liberation from alienation, types of class struggles in society, dialectical materialism, and socialism. Marx have always been harshly criticized for his advocacy of communism, but often times, it’s only because people fail to understand Marx’s communism (Marxism). The communism that modern days’ people came to know of are through the political system of Russia, China, North Korea, Vietnam, among other communist countries, where it’s controlled through absolute dictatorship and human’s freedom is redu ced; the rise of state capitalism and crude communism. In this essay, I will define communism based Marx’s definition in his text, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, and explore why and how communism has been distorted for political purposes. Communism was based on the premise of the working class. Marx referred to them as the Proletariat. For clarification, one’s wealth and income aren’t to be mistaken as class identity; Marx declared that the relationship of ownership (master versus slavery) is what define the class one belongs to. Hence, throughout theShow MoreRelatedMarx s Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay2332 Words   |  10 PagesKarl Marx was a philosopher, economist and a socialist. He grew up in a middle class family in Germany. He is one of the most important people in the history mostly due to his ideas that people refer to as Marxism, which includes many essays and theories about politics and economics. His most famous work is called Manifesto of the Communist party. In this manuscript, along with his friend Friedrich Engels, he states that the best way for a society to develop is through a revolution and struggle inRead MoreMarx And Friedrich Engels s Manifesto Of The Communist Party948 Wo rds   |  4 PagesIn 1848 Karl Marx and his close friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels wrote The Manifesto of the Communist Party as a platform for the Communist League, a society to which they both belonged. This essay will explore the types of societies that this document describes, as well as the effects that Industrial Capitalism had on societal and individual levels. The Communist Manifesto focuses mainly on describing the society that the authors fear or that already exists, rather than the society thatRead MoreComparing Marx And Engels s The Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesTITLE â€Å"A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism†, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels state in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, first published in 1848. (Marx and Engels 15). The word communism has been used when describing several socialist revolutions in history, and in Karl Marx’s writing. Yet, almost none of these uprisings have led to an improved, civilized society. These has been In modern society, Marx and Engels believe there are only two classes, hostile to each other - theRead More Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay example901 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Because the first printing of the Communist Manifesto was limited and the circulation restricted, the Manifesto did not have much impact on society after it was written in 1848. This meant that there were not many people who had access to the document. It wasn’t until 1871, when the Paris Commune occurred, that the Communist Manifesto began to have a huge impact on the working class all over the world.[i] The Paris Commune, whichRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels831 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 4, 2015 COMM 8200 Analysis of The Communist Manifesto A spectre is haunting Europe--the spectre of Communism. The Communist Manifesto reflects an attempt by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory behind the movement. Marx sees all of Europe allied against the idea of communism and consistently demonizes it and its followers. This caused the Communists to assemble in London and create this Manifesto in order to make their views public and clarifiedRead MoreThe Great Philosophies From The 19th Century1386 Words   |  6 Pages- 02 17 Friday 2016 One of the greatest philosophies from the 19th century was Karl Marx. The German native born May 5 1818 was known for his works as not only a philosopher but an economist, journalist revolutionary socialist and sociologist. Marx’s different varieties of work influenced his understanding of society and and the economy during his time period. Once Marx got older, he moved to London England where he progressed his ideas and even collaborate with Friedrich EngelsRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead More Karl Marx and His Radical Views Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and His Radical Views Karl Marx[i] Karl Marx is among the most important and influential of all modern philosophers who expressed his ideas on humans in nature. According to the University of Dayton, â€Å"the human person is part of a larger history of life on this planet. Through technology humans have the power to have an immense effect on that life.†[ii] The people of his time found that the impact of the Industrial Revolution would further man’s success within thisRead MoreMarx And Engels : An Old Meeting Place Of Voltaire And Diderot856 Words   |  4 Pages1844, 26-year-old Karl Marx and 23-year-old Friedrich Engels met in Paris for an aperitif at the Cafà © de la Regence – an old meeting place of Voltaire and Diderot. Their ensuing discourse lasted ten intense days and resulted in a lifelong friendship. This transformative relationship is evident in the publishing of The Communist Manifesto in 1848, during a period of widespread European revolution. Although Marx and Eng els agreed that revolution was justified to create a communist society, their differenceRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto, originally drafted as, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between those classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzed

Issues of Ethical Research - 683 Words

Issues of Ethical Research The vast majority of ethical dilemmas regarding research and the involvement of human participants is associated with concerns that are decidedly monetary in nature. Of course, the most fundamental concerns for any such research would be to protect the health and the welfare of those human participants (Callahan 1998). This statement becomes particularly true when such a population group pooled for research includes specialty subjects such as elderly people, pregnant women, and subsets that may be considered especially vulnerable. Although this consideration is widely viewed as something of a foregone conclusion concerning the subject of ethical dilemmas in research, it is actually an integral component of many of the pecuniary considerations regarding the ethics of human research. One of the principle questions of ethics in research is whether or not the information gained from human participants can be considered valid, when such participants are being paid or compensated in some w ay that could, conceivably, affect the results of whatever research is performed. Another ethical concern is raised by the efficacy and veracity of Institutional Review Boards who approve or validate the techniques of human research. Situations may very well arise in which members of those review boards have conflicts of interests with their professional duties as board members and the results of certain types of research. Not surprisingly, many of the steps that aShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in Research2362 Words   |  10 PagesAFRICA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY UNIT TITLE : BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS UNIT CODE : BCM 308 TASK : GROUP WORK STUDENT NO. NAME : NEWTON WANYAMA 12M03EBA074 : LEWIS MUNDIA 12J03ABA007 : JAMES IKUA 12S03EBA003 : MARY ODERO 12S03ABA011 : GLADYS MUMO 12J03EBA011 : Read MoreEthical Issues in Social Research1348 Words   |  6 Pagesliving, however the meaning of ethics or what is ethical differs. Ethics is commonly associated with morality and Webster’s New world Dictionary defines ethical as â€Å"conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group.† Knowing what a particular society considers ethical and unethical is what contributes to living successfully in that society. This is the same for researchers; researchers need to be aware of what is considered ethical and unethical conduct of scientific inquiry. Read MoreEthical Issues in Business Research657 Words   |  3 PagesETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH â€Å"Just as there are ethical aspects to all human interaction, there are some ethical questions about business research.† What are ETHICS? Such a question is a philosophical question. Philosophers do not generally agree as to the to the question but people’s rights and obligations are usually dictated by the norms of society. Societal norms are codes of behaviour adopted by a group; they suggest what a member of a group ought to do under given circumstancesRead MoreEthical Issues in Pharmacy Research1006 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Issues in Pharmacy Research Reflection There is abundant evidence showing how easy it is to exploit individuals in the history of medical research in the twentieth century. It was not until the early 1960s when the public began to take notice of the ethical neglect that researchers had for their subjects. The exposure of gross abuses in medical research generated a public furor that was finally noticed by those who administered research funding which enabled changes to policy to begin toRead MoreResearch Method Ethical Issues1610 Words   |  7 Pages1. Research methodology definition Research methodology is the philosophy or the general principle which will guide the research (Dawson C. , 2007). 2. Decide the research methods 1) Thinking about purpose You need to think about the purpose of your research as this will help point to the most appropriate methods to use. 2) Qualitative research and quantitative research Qualitative research explores attitudes, behavior and experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groupsRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing Research2143 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Issues in Marketing Research Ethics is that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (Ethics, 2015). What is Ethical Marketing? Business ethics is one of the most complicated and contentious subjects in human society. The difference between right and wrong always has lots of conflicts. What is right to one may not be the same toRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare Research Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many ethical issues in the healthcare field. These issues range from insurance coverage, senior care, childhood immunizations, beneficence, abortion, medicinal marijuana, honesty and medical research (Fritzsche, D., 2004). Today we will discuss the ethical concerns in only one aspect of heath care and that topic is research (Benatar, S., 2000). Medical research is necessary in order to make strides in health care, introduce new medications, to discover new symptoms and disorders and toRead MoreEthical Issues Facing The Clinical Research1833 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction There are many ethical concerns that arise when a company, or individual, stand to make a monetary gain by making a medical decision. In the clinical research, there have been concerns ranging from faking the number of patients enrolled in a study to fabricating study data and insider trading. These issues are what arise when money drives an industry that is supposed to be concerned with patient safety and scientific investigation. The conflicting interests of financial gain and theRead MoreEthical Issues in Social Psychological Research6240 Words   |  25 PagesRunning head: ETHICS IN RESEARCH Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research Social psychological research has been conducted in response to many social concerns. Over the years the focus of research has changed greatly depending on the needs of society. However the main purpose has remained constant, which is to contribute to understanding individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in light of a broader social context. Social psychological research is done with both humans and animalsRead MoreResearch on Managerial Accounting Ethical Issues1827 Words   |  8 PagesWhile I was looking for an appropriate topic for research, I found an interesting publication, which fitted best to the subject (ethics in managerial accounting issues) and also included 5 good examples examples of possible problems associated with the field. The method of the study seemed unclear, especially considering the connection between the serial number of a dollar bill and the question to which the respondent had to answer in the end (in my work I will constantly refer back t o the text

Emo Subculture free essay sample

This lasted until the early essays when the bases turned to (some say) over-the-top emphasis on self expression and negative annotations were implied; emotion and sadness thus stereotyping the word we so often hear today. With this derogatory, implications followed. Memos began to be marginality due to their style and beliefs. As certain fashion trends and attitudes began to be associated with Memo, heavy criticism fell upon those who followed the music genre and now confusion exists between those who follow the Memo music genre or the Memo sub-culture.The first text piece titled The Memo Subculture broadcasted on Today Tonight warns parents about the phenomenon which is causing depression, self- mutilation and suicide. It asks parents to look out for common signs of Memo and seek help, pressing upon the ideology that this group is a sinister addition to teenage subculture, and should be shunned upon. Psychologist Evelyn Field states Memo is really about being emotionally depressed and talking about your depression and showing your depression, even using the black eyeliner. Its really about life is not worth living. She warns that parents keep a close eye on their teenagers. Watching Internet use, looking at sites they visit as many sites have been established to support and show teenagers how to become Memo. This positions the viewers (generally adults/parents) to see view negatively upon their childrens lifestyle and provoking intrusion into their personal lifes. Chris Simons quotes They need to look at the clothes theyre wearing; they need to look at who they associate with.Are they associating with kids who enjoy life and doing the nice things young people do? Or are they associating with young people who say life is bad and I cant handle it? She also suggests looking at the way their children dress and act for possible signs. Her ideology towards this is negative. The way the article dresses the issue is more focused towards parents. Suggesting they watch their teenager and look out for signs of Memo requesting them to seek counseling or help if their children show these signs.The views against this sub-culture position the reader to see this group negatively. This report on Today Tonight heavily positions readers against Memos, Are they happy or sour, depressed, miserable, feeling hopeless, life is not worth living? This then shows up in our teenage society. The shuns put out by media affect the way we look at Memos and have gradually changed peoples opinions from oversees of a music genre to depressed self-mutilating teenagers. This is a common misconception between the two types.But this media article heavily mineralizes teenagers leaving gaps and silences. Lindsay Tanner a Labor finance spokesman and federal member for Melbourne also writes about the ongoing popularity of this subculture. Evidently Lindsay shares the same opinions and beliefs as the Today Tonight article. The text begins with YOU might not have heard of Memos. Neither had until two teenage girls from Melbourne outer east committed suicide, which immediately positions the deader against Memos and creates a negative ideology into the readers mind.Further into the text Lindsay Tanner compares the generation gap between her and teens of today stating that her generation of peace, love and universal happiness is much different to the generation of today where she connects Memos and the darker side: Suicide. The article focuses mainly on the links be;men Memos and bullying. Bullied kids tend to choose this odd subculture and exclude them self from others. The article remains bias throughout, again marginality the views of teenagers, people who are Memo, and the parents. Lindsay states in the text piece If youre beautiful, brainy, wealthy or sporty, youre probably K.If youre just an Ordinary kid, not outstanding at anything, the world can be a pretty unpleasant place. Putting in place the ideology that if your not beautiful, brainy, wealth or sporty then you dont have a place in society or are more acceptable to become memo. She backs this up with further statements such as In the old world, teenagers who werent academic stars were already in the workforce and earning respect Kids who feel inadequate can become bullies, or get lulled. For those who are bullied, their feelings of inadequacy are entrenched by regular humiliation. Portraying Memos as generally bullied, non academic teenagers who seek to individualism and remove them self from contemporary society. Written text 1 The Memo subculture ; Reporter: Chris Simons ; Broadcast Date: April 23, 2007 Parents are being warned of a subculture called Memo that may be linked with depression and even talk of suicide. Counseling is available for children. Recent news stories have drawn accusatory attention to a subculture known as Memo. The movement can involve talking about self doubt and issues of being in pain and not understanding the way the world is.Self-hurt and self- mutilation is part of an understanding that this is going to lead maybe at the extreme level to suicide. Short for emotional, the term Memo was first used to describe a genre Of rock music. Later, it became a slang term applying to a fashion style, consisting of tight black jeans, black t-shirts, jet black hair and eyeliner. But recently, Memos have gained a more sinister reputation, with depression, self-mutilation and suicide all associated with the group. John Swartz is a pop culture expert from Sinecure University. Theyre not extroverts, theyre introverted people, Mr. .Swartz said. Certainly, I think theres a certain amount of pain they do feel and sometimes that does manifest with cutting themselves, burning themselves. A bit of self-pain infliction is what happens with these people that this is the way they cope with it all While he says teenage Memos are often struggling to deal with the pressures of growing up, blaming the subculture for deaths is going too far. l think it is an overreaction, I dont think you can put any blame on a event, on a particular kind of music or style, or even fashion statement, Mr.. Swartz said. These musical styles and fashion statements have been going on for decades. Psychologist Evelyn Field is so concerned about the rise of the Memo subculture, she urges parents to seek professional help if their child falls into it. It seems to me that the Memo culture is about blackness and doom and gloom and sadness and not feeling good, not feeling accepted and feeling down about life, Ms Field said. Memo is really about being emotionally depressed and talking about your depression and showing your oppression, even using the black eyeliner. Its really about life is not worth living. Evelyn said it was particularly important parents kept a close eye on their teenagers Internet use, considering websites have been established to teach teens how to become Memos. Parents need to look at how their children are presenting, Ms Field said. Are they happy or sour, depressed, miserable, feeling hopeless, life is not worth living? They need to look at the clothes theyre wearing; they need to look at who they associate with. Are they do? Or are they associating with young people who say life is bad and I cant Andre it? Source: http://AU. Dayton eight. Yahoo. Com/article/39113/epistyle/memo- subculture Written text 2 BY Lindsay Tanneries 12, 2007 oh:moa YOU might not have heard of Memos. Neither had I until two teenage girls from Melbourne outer east committed suicide. Some people blamed the Memo culture. Memos belong to a distinct youth subculture that emerged from the music and fashion of the Goth and punk culture in the asses. Memo is short for emotional. It now seems to reflect quite a bit more than just particular music and fashion styles. Memos are supposedly sensitive, introverted and alienated.Some claim that the Memo subculture celebrates self-harm and glorifies suicide. Certainly a casual wander through an Memo website can be a little confronting. Youll find plenty of comments like l hate everything and people suck. How worried should we be about this? Frankly, Im not sure. Weve seen plenty of strange youth subcultures come and go over the years. My generation got off on flower power, peace, love and universal happiness and we seem to have survived. Im reluctant to get too agitated about a particular subculture, even if some connect it with teenage suicides.Its hard o know whether that link exists anyway. Theres another angle to this issue that does trouble me though. Memos sound a lot like kids who typically get bullied and excluded by other kids. And bullying is something I do feel strongly about. Kids choosing an odd subculture just to be different is one thing, but if its an escape from an unhappy world of bullying and humiliation its an entirely different matter. Im not really in a position to know, but I cant help wondering. Theres nothing new about bullying. But the social context in which todays kids grow up is very different from when went to school.If youre beautiful, brainy, wealthy or sporty, youre probably K. If youre just an ordinary kid, not outstanding at anything, the world can be a pretty unpleasant place. We all need to be needed. Recognition of the contribution We each make is a crucial part Of our individual wellbeing. In the old world, teenagers who werent academic stars were already in the workforce and earning respect. Childhood lasts a lot longer these days. Without the innate dignity that attaches to adult things, such as full-time work and raising a family, it can be pretty lonely for many teenagers.The exaggerated value our society places on individual success can have a demoralizing effect on many young people. Kids who feel inadequate can become bullies, or get bullied. For those who are bullied, their feelings of inadequacy are entrenched by regular humiliation. Some cope, some adjust, some recover. But for some kids the results can be permanent, even fatal. To counteract their own insecurities, bullies home in on the weaknesses of their victims. Schools try harder to stamp out bullying now, but its very hard to police. Im in favor of zero tolerance, but I realize schools cant do everything.Parents should take more responsibility for their kids behavior. We all need to pay more attention to kids, to protect them from bullying and prevent them from becoming bullies. They all deserve a reasonable start in life. Lindsay Tanner is Labor finance spokesman and federal member for Melbourne.

Review on Chihara’s The Architecture of Srivijaya and Malayu Essay Example

Review on Chihara’s The Architecture of Srivijaya and Malayu Essay Indianization would seem to predate Islam in the islands of Indonesia.   Early evidences, such as the remains of Hindu-Buddhist temples, and smaller ones equivalent to the present-day chapel, known as stupa, dating as far back as the pre-Islamic era of the 9th century A.D., have been unearthed and studied by scholars from both the Western and Eastern schools of thought.   Diagoro Chihara mentions in his book two major ancient kingdoms in the said era, as being dominant figures in the world of ancient Buddhism-Hinduism, and whose recent discoveries through excavations have proven India’s strong influence with the succeeding Islamic religion and culture that later ruled the region; they are the Srivijaya and Malayu (Chihara, 1996, p. 211).Srivijaya and MalayuDiscoveries made through excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries have established that as early as 850 AD, as was seen in an inscription found at Nalanda, Srivijaya was gifted by Balaputra, a Sumatran king of the era, of a monastery temple for the religious followers from Java.   The succeeding discovery of another inscription bearing the date 1005 AD, known as the Larger Leyden Plate, and which also bore the writings of the said giving of monastery, further solidifies the notion that Srivijaya’s king as being related to the dynasty of the Sailendras’ kings (Chihara, 1996, p. 210).   Evidences presented by Chihara point to the economic prospering of Srivijaya during the 10th century as a consequence of the Arabs’ expeditions of on the Indian Ocean in search of an alternative route to the Silk Road. This activity of the Arabs resulted in the monopolization by the Srivijaya of the trade and commerce from both the East and the West.   This was evidenced by the fact that both the Chinese and the Arabs both have names for this kingdom: San fo ch’i and Zabag, respectively (Chihara, 1996, p. 210).Srivijaya’ decline in both its economic and military might began i n 990 AD, with the king of an eastern Java Kadiri dynasty attempting to conquer Sumatra.   However, the battle ended with Srivijaya’s victory in 1006 AD which resulted in the death of the invader’s king, Dharmavamsa.It was the Cola dynasty of southern India, however, that succeeded in ending the Srivijayan Empire.   This dynasty first emerged in the middle of the 9th century, and had reached its zenith of power between 985 and 1044 AD, with King Rajaraja and the succession of his son, Rajendra (Chihara, 1996, p. 211).   Kedah, one of the major towns of Srivijaya, was conquered by the Colas in 1015, and in the ensuing battle Srivijaya’s king was captured and the entire kingdom pillaged.   This was the reason for the kingdom’s eventual economic downfall, that by the middle part of the following century, the capital of Sumatra had been moved to Jambi.During the 12th century, Malayu came into existence in Jambi, the same place where Srivijaya’s waning of its power became apparent, and by the start of 13th century, Malayu had totally superseded the former as the authority in the region.   However, Malayu’s reign proved short-lived.   In the mid-13th century, the kingdom was conquered by Kertanagara, belonging to Singhasari dynasty from the eastern part of Java.   Left with no recourse, the Malayu enterd a matrimonial alliance with their conquerors and had thus retained their kingdom, but only as a colony of the Singhasari Dynasty (Chihara, 1996, p. 211).Resurrected TemplesAmong all the 13,000+ islands of Indonesia, Sumatra is the most geographically-strategic island, with regards to the sea routes that connects India, China, and the routes of Spice Trades of the era, and understandably, Indianization had found its way earlier here than in other islands such as Java.   However, compared with neighboring islands like Java, Sumatra had a small population and was underdeveloped.   As a result, archeological st udies in the modern age had been far too few in Sumatra, and in fact only in recent times had the authorities in Indonesia busied itself with discovering past relics of its civilization.Many archeological sites relating to Hindu-Buddhist religion have been discovered in Batang Hari, in the province of Jambi, and along the Malay Peninsula, which was also under the rule of Srivijaya.   In Chaiya, Thailand, a town 550 kms. south of Bangkok, various remains have also been discovered bearing designs and styles similar to that of Srivijaya, with most of them belonging to Mahayana Buddhism style.   Perhaps the Srivijayan influence in the southern part of Thailand had continued and was assimilated into the Sukhothai art in the 13th century.   Official records would reveal that in Chaiya alone in the year 775, three Mahayana temples were built by an unnamed king of Srivijaya.   Consequent diggings in 1946 led to the discovery of yet another temple, measuring 30m square, and thought t o be built somewhere in the 9th century (Chihara, 1996, p. 213).   Various temples in Chaiya considered to have been built during the Srivijayan era also abound, but due to the restoration works done by in the past, their original architectures have been lost forever.In Padang Lawas, which translates to vast plain in Thai, various temples have also been unearthed dating back to the Malayu era, seven of which can be reached by trekking.   During his travels to the sites, Diagoro Chihara describes these temples as:Each complex consists of an enclosure surrounded by a wall inside of which there stands a main sanctuary, which appears to have been a single-chambered cella, together with a smaller chapel, a stupa, and terraces that are thought to have been surmounted by wooden structures. (p. 215)The Srivijaya buildings were made with bricks, similar in almost all the places their temples were found.   These bricks measured 28 cms. long, 17 cms. high, and 5 cms. wide (Chihara, 1996, p. 216).   Their architecture generally consists of the 3 components of podium, body and roof, with the upper portion of the roof noticeably embedded with a stupa (Chihara, 1996, p. 216).In Muara Takus, a province of Riau, Buddhist temples have been found, already in its dilapidated stage.   These temples are considered to date back from the 11th or the 12th century.   Excavations in this site were first done in 1893, and then again in 1935, but it was only in 1980 that the Indonesian authorities made its own excavation and tried to restore the temples back to its original state (Chihara, 1996, p. 217).   According to the excavation leader in 1935, Schnitger, the site was composed of six temples surrounded by walls, with a gate estimated to be in the middle of the north wall.   He had also found a Maligai Stupa, which was somewhat similar to the styles in India and Sri Lanka, and bore a unique form uncommon in all of the other excavations in Indonesia or Thailand (Chihara , 1996, p. 217).ConclusionDiagoro Chihara’s studies on Srivijaya and Malayu had made evident to his readers the extent of the vastness and depth India’s architectural style had manifested in other country’s religious beliefs and culture, particularly those of Indonesia and Thailand.   These influences, evident in the arts and in religious temples of other kingdoms; first evidenced in Srivijaya, and later in Malayu culture, had seemed to have outlasted the very kingdoms that were the sources for this inspiration.Chihara had also shown a glimpse of the culture of the said empires pre-dating Islamic and colonial era of both Indonesia and Thailand, and what was evident was that both of this present day nations had in their past, a history of Hindu-Buddhism, and that their respective kings of the ancient era, had lineage directly traceable to the dynastic rulers in India.   This should prove imperative to the present administrations and the populace, in general.à ‚   They should realize Chihara’s unspoken lesson: that what they are today as a nation, is the result of who they were in the past eons.ReferenceChihara, D. (1996). The Architecture of Srivijaya and Malayu. Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia (pp. 211-221) (ISBN 9004105123, 9789004105126). Leiden New York – Koln.